Conflict in Darfur Sudan

Q&A: Sudan's Darfur conflict
The world's worst humanitarian crisis is unfolding in Sudan's western region of Darfur, the United Nations says.
More than two million people are estimated to have fled their homes and at least 100,000 are thought to have died during the crisis. Sudan's government and the pro-government Arab militias are accused of war crimes against the region's black African population, although the United Nations has stopped short of terming it a genocide.
How did the conflict start?
The conflict began in the arid and impoverished region early in 2003 after a rebel group began attacking government targets, claiming that the region was being neglected by Khartoum.
The rebels say the government is oppressing black Africans in favour of Arabs.
There has been tension in Darfur, which means land of the Fur, for many years over land and grazing rights between the mostly nomadic Arabs and farmers from the Fur, Massaleet and Zagawa communities.
There are two main rebel groups, the Sudan Liberation Army (SLA) and the Justice and Equality Movement (Jem), which have been linked to senior Sudanese opposition politician Hassan al-Turabi.
What is the government doing?
It admits mobilising "self-defence militias" following rebel attacks but denies any links to the Janjaweed, accused of trying to "cleanse" large swathes of territory of black Africans.
Refugees from Darfur say that following air raids by government aircraft, the Janjaweed ride into villages on horses and camels, slaughtering men, raping women and stealing whatever they can find.
Many women report being abducted by the Janjaweed and held as sex slaves for more than a week before being released.
Human rights groups, the US Congress and US Secretary of State Colin Powell say that genocide is taking place.
If the UN had agreed that a genocide was occurring, then it would have been legally obliged to take action to stop it, but a UN team sent to Sudan to find out instead said that war crimes had been committed, but there was no intent to commit genocide.
Sudan's government denies being in control of the Janjaweed and President Omar al-Bashir has called them "thieves and gangsters".
After strong international pressure and the threat of sanctions, the government promised to disarm the Janjaweed. But there is little evidence of this so far.
Thousands of extra policemen have been deployed but the refugees have little faith in the Sudanese security forces.
After much prompting by the US and its allies, the United Nations has threatened to impose sanctions on Sudan's oil sector if the violence is not quelled.
But this has been resisted by China and some other nations, which argue that Sudan should be able to find its own solution.
There is no deadline for Sudan to take action but the UN is compiling monthly reports on the situation in Darfur.
What has happened to the civilians?
Some two million people have left their homes and many thousands are estimated to have been killed.
Most have fled their destroyed villages for camps in Darfur's main towns but there is not enough food, water or medicine.
The Janjaweed patrol outside the camps and Darfurians say the men are killed and the women raped if they venture too far in search of firewood or water.
Aid workers say that many thousands are at risk of starvation and disease in the camps.
Some children have already died from malnutrition.
Attempts by security forces to persuade the refugees to leave the camps and return home have led to violence and brought condemnation from the international community.
As many as 200,000 have also sought safety in neighbouring Chad, but many are camped along a 600km stretch of the border and remain vulnerable to attacks from Sudan.
Chad is worried that the conflict could spill over the border.
Its eastern areas have a similar ethnic make-up to Darfur.
Lots of aid agencies are working in Darfur but they are unable to get access to vast areas.
They accuse the government of blocking their access to Darfur by demanding visas and using other bureaucratic obstacles.
Sudan says these have been removed.
Is anyone trying to stop the fighting?
The government and the two rebel groups signed a ceasefire last April but this has not held.
Two further agreement have been reached in Nigeria, brokered by the African Union, on banning military flights in Darfur and on humanitarian aid.
Some 1,400 African Union troops are now in Darfur on a very limited mandate.
The Sudan government has agreed in principle to a force of at least 3,000 and they should have been on the ground months ago, but Khartoum is resisting allowing them to beef up their powers to disarm combatants.
The government has hinted that it may let Darfur run its own affairs more if this would help solve the crisis.
It has agreed to let southern Sudan have its own government as part of a deal to end 20 years of conflict in that region.
The government negotiator, Vice President Ali Osman Taha, is now turning his attention to Darfur and talks are due to resume in Nigeria in February.